Observing bees and wasps: Why surveys and monitoring programs are critical and how they can improve our understanding of these beneficial hymenopterans

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)725

Keywords:

bees, wasps, hymenoptera, monitoring programs, pollinators, biological control

Abstract

Flower-visiting bees and wasps (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Pompiloidea, Scolioidea, Tiphioidea, and Vespoidea) provide essential services in agricultural and urban systems, and ecological functions in natural ecosystems. Understanding the population trends, resource requirements and preferences, ecological challenges, and how to manage these species better requires increased surveys and standardized monitoring efforts for both groups. A monitoring program performed at various scales that provides ecological data is a prerequisite to managing either bees or wasps for conservation or crop pollination purposes. Methods to survey and monitor bees and wasps can be accomplished by a variety of means, depending on the researchers’ aims and goals. Herein, we discuss the importance of 1) evaluating populations of threatened and endangered bee and wasp species, 2) detecting and identifying pollinators of crops, 3) identifying and managing wasp species for use as biological control agents, 4) surveying the ranges of non-native bees and wasps, and 5) utilizing bees and wasps as biological indicators. We also discuss strategies for the selection of surveying and monitoring tools and methodologies best suited to specific goals and situations in beneficial Hymenoptera research. Our hope is that this review will lead to additional bee/wasp survey and monitoring programs and assist researchers with selecting tools and methodologies for the purpose of better understanding these beneficial insects.

References

Abbate A, Campbell JW (2013) Parasitic beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana): A possible ant pollinated plant. Southeastern Naturalist 12:661-665. https://doi.org/10.1656/058.012.0318

Abbate AP, Campbell JW, Williams GR (2023) Artificial pollination of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. chinensis) (Ericales: Actinidiaceae) results in greater fruit set compared to flowers pollinated by managed bees (Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Bombus impatiens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae)). Journal of Economic Entomology 114:1234-1241. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab075

Abe T, Wada K, Kato Y, Makino S, Okochi I (2011) Alien pollinator promotes invasive mutualism in an insular pollination system. Biological Invasions 13:957–967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9882-9

Abell KJ, Bauer LS, Duan JJ, Van Driesche R (2014). Long-term monitoring of the introduced emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) egg parasitoid, Oobius agrili (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in Michigan, USA and evaluation of a newly developed monitoring technique. Biological Control 79:36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2014.08.002

Abrol DP (2012) Pollination biology: biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. Springer Dordrecht, New York.

Adler LS, Irwin RE (2005) Comparison of pollen transfer dynamics by multiple floral visitors: experiments with pollen and fluorescent dye. Annals of Botany 97:141-150. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcj012

Allen‐Perkins A, Magrach A, Dainese M, Garibaldi LA, Kleijn D, Rader R, Reilly JR, Winfree R, Lundin O, McGrady CM, Brittain C, Biddinger DJ, Artz DR, Elle E, Hoffman G, Ellis JD, Daniels J, Gibbs J, Campbell JW, Brokaw J, Wilson JK, Mason K, Ward KL, et. al (2022) CropPol: A dynamic, open and global database on crop pollination. Ecology 103: e3614 https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3614

Allen-Wardell G, Bernhardt P, Bitner R, Burquez A, Buchmann SL, Cane JH, Cox PA, Dalton V, Feinsinger P, Ingram M, Jones CE, Kennedy K, Kevan P, Koopowitz H, Medellin R, Medellin-Morales S, Nabhan GP, Pavlik B, Tepedino V, Torchio P, Walker S (1998) The potential consequences of pollinator declines on the conservation of biodiversity and stability of food crop yields. Conservation Biology 12:8-17. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97154.x

Arbuckle T, Schröder S, Steinhage V, Wittmann D (2001). Biodiversity informatics in action: identification and monitoring of bee species using ABIS. In: Proc. 15th Int. Symp. Informatics for Environmental Protection (Vol. 1, pp. 425-430). ETH Zurich.

Ayalew G, Hopkins R (2013) Selecting the right parasitoid for the environment in classical biological control programs: the case of Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in the Kofele Highland of Ethiopia. Biocontrol Science and Technology 23:1284–1295. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2013.827153

Banaszak J (1995) Changes in fauna of wild bees in Europe. Bydgoszcz: Pedagogical University.

Bartholomew CS, Prowell D (2005) Pan compared to malaise trapping for bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in a longleaf pine savanna. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 78: 390-392. https://doi.org/10.2317/0409.24.1

Bartomeus I, Ascher JS, Gibbs J, Danforth BN, Wagner DL, Hedtke SM, Winfree R (2013) Historical changes in northeastern US bee pollinators related to shared ecological traits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110: 4656-4660. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218503110

Batra SWT (1978) Osmia cornifrons and Pithitis smaragdula, two Asian bees introduced into the United States for crop pollination. In Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Pollination. Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station Special Miscellaneous Publication 1:307–312.

Batra SWT (1995) Bees and pollination in our changing environment. Apidologie 26:361-370. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:19950501

Beggs JR, Brockerhoff EG, Corley JC, Kenis M, Masciocchi M, Muller F, Rome Q, Villemant C (2011) Ecological effects and management of invasive Vespidae. Biocontrol 56:505–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-011-9389-z

Berenbaum M, Bernhardt P, Buchmann S, Calderone N, Goldstein P, Inouye DW, Kevan P, Kremen C, Medellin RA, Ricketts T, Robinson GE, Snow AA, Swinton SM, Thein LB, Thomspson FC (2007) Status of pollinators in North America, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC.

Biella P, Tommasi N, Guzzetti L, Pioltelli E, Labra M, Galimberti A (2022) City climate and landscape structure shape pollinators, nectar and transported pollen along a gradient of urbanization. Journal of Applied Ecology 59:1586-1595. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14168

Biesmeijer JC, Roberts SPM, Reemer M, Ohlemüller R, Edwards M, Peeters T, Schaffers AP, Potts SG, Kleukers R, Thomas CD, Settele J, Kunin WE (2006) Parallel Declines in Pollinators and Insect-Pollinated Plants in Britain and the Netherlands. Science 313(5785):351-354. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1127863

Böckmann E, Hommes M, Meyhöfer R (2015) Yellow traps reloaded: what is the benefit for decision making in practice? Journal of Pest Science 88:439-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-014-0601-7

Bohart GE (1972). Management of wild bees for the pollination of crops. Annual Review of Entomology 17:287-312. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.17.010172.001443

Boncristiani H, Ellis JD, Bustamante T, Graham J, Jack C, Kimmel CB, Mortensen A, Schmehl DR (2021) World honey bee health: the global distribution of western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) pests and pathogens. Bee World 98(1):2 – 6. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.2020.1800330

Bonney R, Cooper CB, Dickinson J, Kelling S, Phillips T, Rosenberg KV, Shirk J (2009) Citizen science: a developing tool forexpanding science knowledge and scientific literacy. BioScience 59:977–984. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.11.9

Bosch J, Kemp WP (2002). Developing and establishing bee species as crop pollinators: the example of Osmia spp. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) and fruit trees. Bulletin of Entomological Research 92(1):3-16.

Boyle NK, Artz DR, Lundin O, Ward K, Picklum D, Wardell GI, Williams NM, Pitts‐Singer TL (2020) Wildflower plantings promote blue orchard bee, Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), reproduction in California almond orchards. Ecology and Evolution 10:3189-3199. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5952

Breed MD, Mcglynn TP, Sanctuary MD, Stocker EM, Cruz R (1999). Distribution and abundance of colonies of selected meliponine species in a Costa Rican tropical wet forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 15:765-777. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467499001169

Brock RE, Cini A, Sumner S (2021) Ecosystem services provided by aculeate wasps. Biological Reviews 96:1645-1675. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12719

Brockerhoff EG, Barratt BIP, Beggs JR, Fagan LL, Kay MK, Phillips CB, Vink CJ (2010) Impacts of exotic invertebrates on New Zealand’s indigenous species and ecosystems. New Zealand Journal of Ecology 34:158–174.

Brosi BJ, Daily GC, Shih TM, Oviedo F, Durán G (2008) The effects of forest fragmentation on bee communities in tropical countryside. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:773-783. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01412.x

Brown RL, El-Sayed AM, Unelius CR, Suckling DM (2014) Attraction of the invasive social wasp, Vespula vulgaris, by volatiles from fermented brown sugar. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 151:182-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12183

Brown MJF, Paxton RJ (2009) The conservation of bees: a global perspective. Apidologie 40:410-416. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009019

Bruck DJ, Lewis LC (1998) Influence of adjacent cornfield habitat, trap location and trap height on capture numbers of predators and a parasitoid of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in central Iowa. Environmental Entomology 27:1557–1562. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/27.6.1557

Buchmann SL, Nabhan GP (1996) The forgotten pollinators, Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Buckley GA, Davies LG, Spindley DT (1978). A bee counter for monitoring bee activity and bee behaviour. British Journal of Pharmacology 64(3): 475.Burgio G, Sommaggio D (2007) Syrphids as landscape bioindicators in Italian agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 120:416-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.10.021

Burne AR, Haywood J, Lester, PJ (2015) Density-dependent effects of an invasive wasp on the morphology of an endemic New Zealand ant. Biological Invasions 17:327–335 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0731-0

Byrne A, Fitzpatrick Ú. (2009) Bee conservation policy at the global, regional and national levels. Apidologie 40:194–210. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009017

Cameron SA, Lozier JD, Strange JP, Koch JB, Cordes N, Solter LF, Griswold TL (2011) Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108:662–667. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014743108

Campbell JM, Dahn DC, Ryan DA (2005). Capacitance-based sensor for monitoring bees passing through a tunnel. Measurement Science and Technology 16:2503-2510. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/16/12/015

Campbell JW, Abbate A, West NM, Straub L, Williams GR (2023) Comparing three collection methods for pollinating insects within electric transmission rights-of-ways. Journal of Insect Conservation, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-023-00460-4

Campbell JW, Kimmel CB, Bammer M, Stanley-Stahr C, Daniels JC, Ellis JD (2018a). Managed and wild bee flower visitors and their potential contribution to pollination services of low-chill highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.; Ericales: Ericaceae). Journal of Economic Entomology 111:2011-2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/toy215

Campbell JW, Viguiera C, Viguiera P, Hartgerink JE, Greenberg CH (2018b) The effects of repeated prescribed fire and thinning on bees, wasps, and other flower visitors in the understory and midstory of a temperate forest in North Carolina. Forest Science, 64: 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxx008

Campbell JW, O’Brien J, Irvin JH, Kimmel CB, Daniels JC, Ellis JD (2017a) Managed bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) caged with blueberry bushes at high density did not increase fruit set or fruit weight compared to open pollination. Environmental Entomology 46:237-242. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvx044

Campbell JW, Smithers C, Daniels, JC, Ellis JD (2017b) Trap nesting wasps and bees in agriculture: a comparison of sown wildflower and fallow plots in Florida. Insects 8(4):107; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8040107.

Campbell JW, Campbell BE, Kimmel CB, Galvan P (2016a). Observations of Insect Visitors to Price’s Potato Bean (Apios priceana (Fabaceae)) in North Alabama, USA. Plant Ecology and Evolution 149:316-318. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2016.1232

Campbell JW, Miller DA, Martin JA (2016b) Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) intercropping within managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) does not affect wild bee communities. Insects 7(4):62; doi:10.3390/insects7040062. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040062

Campbell JW, Hanula JL, Waldrop TA (2007) Effects of prescribed fire and fire surrogates on floral visiting insects of the Blue Ridge province of North Carolina. Biological Conservation 134:393-404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.029

Campbell JW, Starring AM, Smith GL (2014) Flower vistors of Hymenocallis coronaria (Rocky Shoals spider-lily) of Landsford Canal state park-South Carolina. Natural Areas Journal, 34:332-337. https://doi.org/10.3375/043.034.0316

Campbell JW, Hanula JL (2007) Efficiency of malaise and colored pan traps for collecting flower visiting insects from forested ecosystems. Journal of Insect Conservation 11:399-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-006-9055-4

Campbell JW, Morphew AR (2022) Pollination biology and insect visitation of pasqueflower (Ranunculaceae: Pulsatilla patens spp. multifida) in the Little Missouri National Grasslands of North Dakota. Prairie Naturalist Special 1:1-10.

Cane JH (1997) Ground-nesting bees: the neglected pollinator resource for agriculture. In: Richards, K W (Ed.) Pollination: from theory to practice. Acta Horticulture 437:309–324. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.437.38

Cane JH (2003) Exotic nonsocial bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) in North America: ecological implications. In: Strickler, K V; Cane, J H (ed.). For nonnative crops, whence pollinators of the future? Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Proceedings of the Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD.

Cane JH (2005) Pollination potential of the bee Osmia aglaia for cultivated red raspberries and blackberries (Rubus: Rosaceae). HortScience 40:1705–1708. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.40.6.1705

Cane JH (2008) A native ground-nesting bee (Nomia melanderi) sustainably managed to pollinate alfalfa across an intensively agricultural landscape. Apidologie 39(3):315-323. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2008013

Cane JH, Minckley RL, Kervin LJ (2000). Sampling bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) for pollinator community studies: pitfalls of pan-trapping. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 73:225-231.

Cardoso P, Erwin TL, Borges PA, New TR (2011) The seven impediments in invertebrate conservation and how to overcome them. Biological Conservation 144:2647-2655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.07.024

Caron DM, Morse RA (1972). Attraction of Japanese beetle traps to honey bees, bumble bees, and other Apoidea. Environmental Entomology 1:272-274. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/1.3.272

Celli G, Maccagnani B (2003) Honey bees as bioindicators of environmental pollution. Bulletin of Insectology 56:137-139.

Chapman RE, Bourke AFG (2001) The influence of sociality on the conservation biology of social insects. Ecology Letters 4:650-662. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2001.00253.x

Choi MB, Martin SJ, Lee JW (2012) Distribution, spread, and impact of the invasive hornet Vespa velutina in South Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 15:473–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2011.11.004

Cohn JP (2008) Citizen science: Can volunteers do real research? AIBS Bulletin. 58:192-197. https://doi.org/10.1641/B580303

Colla SR, Ascher JS, Arduser M, Cane J, Deyrup M, Droege S, Gibbs J, Griswold T, Hall HG, Henne C, Neff J, Jean RP, Rightmyer MG, Sheffield C, Veit M, Wolf A (2012) Documenting persistence of most eastern North American bee species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) to 1990-2009. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 85:14-22. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES110726.1

Couto A, Monceau K, Bonnard O, Thiéry D, Sandoz JC (2014) Olfactory attraction of the hornet Vespa velutina to honeybee colony odors and pheromones. PLoS One 9:e115943. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115943

Crane E (1990) Bees and Beekeeping: science, practice and world resources. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.

Day MC (1991) Towards the conservation of aculeate Hymenoptera in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Press; Nature and Environment Series 51:77

Da-Yong J, Long-Shi L (2007) The activity of wild and orchard Osmia cornifrons. Chinese Bulletin of Entomology 44:275–276.

Deguines N, de Flores M, Loïs G, Julliard R, Fontaine C (2018) Fostering close encounters of the entomological kind. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 16:202–203. .https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1795

Deguines N, Julliard R, de Flores M, Fontaine C (2012) The Whereabouts of Flower Visitors: Contrasting Land-Use Preferences Revealed by a Country-Wide Survey Based on Citizen Science. PLoS One 7:e45822 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045822

Dias VS, Stuhl C, Sivinski J (2014) Effects of a fruit and a host-derived compound on orientation and oviposition in Utetes anastrephae, a little studied Opiine braconid (Hymenoptera) parasitoid of Anastrepha spp. fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 24:1412–1424. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2014.943655

De Bach P, Rosen, D (1991) Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge University Press Archive, Cambridge, UK.

De Souza L, Campos MJDO (2008). Composition and diversity of bees (Hymenoptera) attracted by Moericke traps in an agricultural area in Rio Claro, state of São Paulo, Brasil. Iheringia. Série Zoologia 98:236-243. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008000200012

De Souza MM, Louzada J, Eduardo Serráo J, Cola Zanuncio J (2010) Social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) as indicators of conservation degree of riparian forests in Southeast Brazil. Sociobiology 56:387-396.

Delaplane KS, Mayer DF (2000) Crop pollination by bees. University Press, Cambridge, UK. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994482.0000

Dickinson Jl, Shirk J, Bonter D, Bonney R, Crain Rl, Martin J, Phillips T, Purcell K. (2012) The current state of citizen science as a tool for ecological research and public engagement. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 10:291-297. https://doi.org/10.1890/110236

Dohzono I, Kunitake YK, Yokoyama J, Goka K (2008) Alien bumble bee affects native plant reproduction through interactions with native bumble bees. Ecology 89:3082–3092. HTTPS://DOI.ORG/10.1890/07-1491.1

Domroese MC, Johnson EA (2017) Why watch bees? Motivations of citizen science volunteers in the Great Pollinator Project. Biological Conservation 208:40-47.

Downing H (2012) Nest parameters of Polistes and Mischocyttarus species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) before and after detection of the invasive wasp, Polistes dominula in western South Dakota and Wyoming. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 85:23–31. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES111011.1

Droege S (2015) The very handy manual: how to catch and identify bees and manage a collection. https://www.pwrc.usgs.gov

Drummond FA, Stubbs CS (1996). Sampling bee populations in lowbush blueberry in Maine. In VI International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture 446:101-108. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.446.14

Eardley CD, Gikungu M, Schwarz MP (2009) Bee conservation in sub-saharan Africa and Madagascar: diversity, status and threats. Apidologie 40:355–366 https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009016

Eimanifar A, Brooks SA, Bustamante T, Ellis JD (2018). Population genomics and morphometric assignment of western honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) in the Republic of South Africa. BMC genomics 19(1):615. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-018-4998-x

Ellis JS, Knight ME, Darvill B, Goulson D (2006) Extremely low effective population sizes, genetic structuring and reduced genetic diversity in a threatened bumblebee species, Bombus sylvarum (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Molecular Ecology 15:4375- 4386. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03121.x

Erwin TL (1989). Canopy arthropod biodiversity: a chronology of sampling techniques and results. Revista Peruana de Entomologia 32:71-77.

Evans, H E; Eberhard, M W (1970) The wasps. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI

Fitzpatrick Ú, Murray TE, Paxton RJ, Breen J, Cotton D, Santorum V, Brown MJF (2007) Rarity and decline in bumblebees – a test of causes and correlates in the Irish fauna. Biological Conservation 136:185-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.11.012

Frankie GW, Vinson SB, Thorp RW, Rizzardi MA, Tomkins M, Newstrom-Lloyd LE (2002) Monitoring: an essential tool in bee ecology and conservation. Pollinating bees–the conservation link between agriculture and nature. Ministry of Environment. Brasília 187-198.

Frank JH, McCoy ED (2007) The risk of classical biological control in Florida. Biological Control 41(2):151-174. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.01.006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.01.006

Fraser SE, Dytham C, Mayhew PJ (2008) The effectiveness and optimal use of Malaise traps for monitoring parasitoid wasps. Insect Conservation and Diversity 1(1):22-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2007.00003.x

Frost CM, Didham RK, Rand TA, Peralta G, Tylianakis JM (2015) Community-level net spillover of natural enemies from managed to natural forest. Ecology 96:193–202 https://doi.org/10.1890/14-0696.1

Gaglianone MC (2000). Behavior on flowers, structures associated to pollen transport and nesting biology of Perditomorpha brunerii and Cephalurgus anomalus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae, Andrenidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 48:89-99.

Gamboa GJ, Greig EI, Thom MC (2002) The comparative biology of two sypatric paper wasps, the native Polistes fuscatus and the invasive Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Insectes Sociaux 49:45-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-002-8278-y

Gardner-Gee R, Beggs JR (2013) Invasive wasps, not birds, dominate in a temperate honeydew system. Austral Ecology 38:346–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02412.x

Gathmann A, Tscharntke T (2002) Foraging ranges of solitary bees. Journal of Animal Ecology 71:757–764. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00641.x

Gauld I, Bolton, B (1988). The hymenoptera. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.

Gayubo SF, González JA, Asís JD, Tormos J (2005) Conservation of European environments: the Spheciformes wasps as biodiversity indicators (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Ampulicidae, Sphecidae and Crabronidae). Journal of Natural History 39:2705-2714. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930500114095

Geroff RK, Gibbs J, Mccravy KW (2014) Assessing bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) diversity of an Illinois restored tallgrass prairie: methodology and conservation considerations. Journal of Insect Conservation 18:951–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-014-9703-z

Geslin B, Gauzens B, Baude M, Dajoz I, Fontaine C, Henry M, Ropars L, Rollin O, Thébault E, Vereecken NJ (2017) Massively Introduced Managed Species and Their Consequences for Plant–Pollinator Interactions. Advances in Ecological Research 57:147-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2016.10.007

Gill, KA, O’neal ME (2015) Survey of soybean insect pollinators: community identification and sampling method analysis. Environmental Entomology 44:488-498. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv001

Goka K (2010) Introduction to the Special Feature for Ecological Risk Assessment of Introduced Bumblebees: Status of the European bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, in Japan as a beneficial pollinator and an invasive alien species. Applied Entomology and Zoology 45:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2010.1

Goldsmith FB (2012) Monitoring for conservation and ecology (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media.

Gould WP, Jeanne RL (1984) Polistes Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) as Control Agents for Lepidopterous Cabbage Pests. Journal of Environmental Entomology 13:150-156. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/13.1.150

Goulson D (2003) Effects of introduced bees on native ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34:1-26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132355

Goulson D (2010) Impacts of non-native bumblebees in Western Europe and North America. Applied Entomology and Zoology 45:7-12. https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2010.7

Graham JR, Campbell JW, Plentovich S, King CB (2021) Nest architecture of an endangered Hawaiian yellow-faced bee, Hylaeus anthracinus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) and potential nest-site competition from three introduced solitary bees. Pacific Science 75:361-370. https://doi.org/10.2984/75.3.5

Graham JR, Willcox E, Ellis JD (2015) The potential management of a ground-nesting, solitary bee: Anthophora abrupta (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Florida Entomologist 98:528-535. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0220

Graham JR, Tan Q, Jones LC, Ellis JD (2014) Native Buzz: Citizen scientists creating nesting habitat for solitary bees and wasps. Florida Scientist 1:204-218.

Greenleaf SS, Williams NM, Winfree R, Kremen C 2007. Bee foraging ranges and their relationship to body size. Oecologia 153:589–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-007-0752-9

Gross CL (2001) The effect of introduced honeybees on native bee visitation and fruit-set in Dillwynia juniperina (Fabaceae) in a fragmented ecosystem. Biological Conservation 102:89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00088-X

Hagen M, Wikelski M, Kissling WD (2011). Space use of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) revealed by radio-tracking. PloS one 6(5): e19997. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019997

Hajek AE, Eilenberg J (2018). Natural enemies: an introduction to biological control. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781107280267

Hall C (2011). Automated approach to bee identification from wing venation (Doctoral dissertation, Ph. D. thesis, University of Wisconsin).

Hanula JL, Horn S (2011) Removing an invasive shrub (Chinese privet) increases native bee diversity and abundance in riparian forests of the southeastern United States. Insect Conservation and Diversity 4:275-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00131.x

Hermansen TD, Britton DR, Ayre DJ, Minchinton TE (2014) Identifying the real pollinators? Exotic honeybees are the dominant flower visitors and only effective pollinators of Avicennia marina in Australian temperate mangroves. Estuaries and Coasts 37:621–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9711-3

Huber JT (2009) Biodiversity of Hymenoptera. In: Foottit RG, Adler P. Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. 1st edition ed. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Human H, Brodschneider R, Dietemann V, Dively G, Ellis JD, Forsgren E, Jensen AB (2013). Miscellaneous standard methods for Apis mellifera research. Journal of Apicultural Research 52:1-53. https://doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.52.4.10

Inoue MN, Yokoyama J (2010) Competition for flower resources and nest sites between Bombus terrestris (L.) and Japanese native bumblebees. Applied Entomology and Zoology 45:29-35. https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2010.29

Inoue MN, Yokoyama J, Washitani I (2008) Displacement of Japanese native bumblebees by the recently introduced Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Journal of Insect Conservation 12:135–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-007-9071-z

Ishii HS, Kadoya T, Kikuchi R, Suda S, Washitani I (2008) Habitat and flower resource partitioning by an exotic and three native bumble bees in central Hokkaido, Japan. Biological Conservation 141:2597–2607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.07.029

Jennings DE, Duan JJ, Larson KM, Lelito JP, Shrewsbury PM (2014) Evaluating a new method for monitoring the field establishment and parasitism of Oobius agrili (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an egg parasitoid of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Florida Entomologist 97:1263–1265. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.097.0339

Jewett DK, Carpenter JE (2001) Seasonal abundance of pupal parasitoid, Diapetimorpha introita (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Florida Entomologist 84:50–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/3496662

Johansson TS (1959). Tracking honey bees in cotton fields with fluorescent pigments. Journal of Economic Entomology 52: 572-577. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/52.4.572

Kadoya T, Ishii HS, Kikuchi R, Suda SI, Washitan I (2009) Using monitoring data gathered by volunteers to predict the potential distribution of the invasive alien bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Biological Conservation 142:1011–1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.01.012

Kato M, Kawakita A (2004) Plant–pollinator interactions in New Caledonia influenced by introduced honey bees. American Journal of Botany 91:1814–1827. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.11.1814

Kearns CA, Inouye DW, Waser NM (1998) Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29:83-112. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.83

Kelber A, Warrant EJ, Pfaff M, Wallén R, Theobald JC, Wcislo WT, Raguso RA (2006). Light intensity limits foraging activity in nocturnal and crepuscular bees. Behavioral Ecology 17: 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arj001

Kenis M, Hurley BP, Hajek AE, Cock MJW (2017) Classical biological control of insect pests of trees: facts and figures. Biological Invasions 19:3401-3417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-017-1414-4

Kimoto C, Debano SJ, Thorp RW, Rao S, Stephen WP (2012) Investigating temporal patterns of a native bee community in a remnant North American bunchgrass prairie using blue vane traps. Journal of Insect Science 12:108. https://doi.org/10.1673/031.012.10801

Kleijn D, Winfree R, Bartomeus I, Carvalheiro LG, Henry M, Isaacs R, Klein AM, Kremen C, M'gonigle LK, Rader R, Ricketts TH (2015). Delivery of crop pollination services is an insufficient argument for wild pollinator conservation. Nature Communications 6:7414.

Kleijn D, Rundlöf M, Scheper J, Smith HG, Tscharntke T (2011). Does conservation on farmland contribute to halting the biodiversity decline? Trends in ecology & evolution 26:474-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2011.05.009

Klein AM, Vaissiere BE, Cane JH, Steffan-Dewenter I, Cunningham SA, Kremen C, Tscharntke IS. (2007) Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274: 303-313. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3721

Kleinke B, Prajzner S, Gordon C, Hoekstra N, Kautz A, Gardiner M (2018). Identifying Barriers to Citizen Scientist Retention When Measuring Pollination Services. Citizen Science: Theory and Practice 3(1):2. https://doi.org/10.5334/cstp.99

Koh I, Lonsdorf E, Williams N, Brittain C, Isaacs R, Gibbs J, Ricketts T (2016) Modeling the status, trends, and impacts of wild bee abundance in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 113:140-145. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517685113

Kremen C, Ullman KS, Thorp RW (2011) Evaluating the quality of citizen‐scientist data on pollinator communities. Conservation Biology 25:607-617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01657.x

Krombein KV (1967) Trap-nesting Wasps and Bees: Life Histories, Nests, and Associates. Washington, Smithsonian. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.46295

Kruess A, Tscharntke T (2002) Grazing intensity and the diversity of grasshoppers, butterflies, and trap‐nesting bees and wasps. Conservation Biology 16:1570-1580. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01334.x

Landolt PJ, Smithhisler CS, Reed HC, Mcdonough LM (2000). Trapping social wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) with acetic acid and saturated short chain alcohols. Journal of Economic Entomology 93:1613-1618. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.6.1613

Laport RG, Minckley RL (2012) Occupation of Active Xylocopa virginica Nests by the Recently Invasive Megachile sculpturalis in Upstate New York. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 85:384-386. https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-85.4.384

Larsen NJ, Minor MA, Cruickshank RH, Robertson AW (2014). Optimising methods for collecting Hymenoptera, including parasitoids and Halictidae bees, in New Zealand apple orchards. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 17:375-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2014.03.004

La Salle J, Gauld ID (1992) Parasitic Hymenoptera and biodiversity crisis. Redia-Giornale Di Zoologia 74:315-334.

La Salle J, Gauld ID (1993) Hymenoptera: their diversity, and their impact on the diversity of other organisms. In La Salle, J; Gauld, I D (ed.), Hymenoptera and Biodiversity. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

Laycock I, Lenthall KM, Barratt AT, Cresswell JE (2012) Effects of imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid pesticide, on reproduction in worker bumble bees (Bombus terrestris). Ecotoxicology 21:1937-1945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-012-0927-y

Laycock I, Cotterell KC, O'shea-Wheller TA, Cresswell JE (2014) Effects of the neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam at field-realistic levels on microcolonies of Bombus terrestris worker bumble bees. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 100:153-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.027

Legner EF, Bellows TS (1999) Exploration for natural enemies. in: Bellows, T S.; Fisher, T W (ed.) Handbook of biological control. Academic Press, San Diego. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012257305-7/50052-7

Lee SB, Seo DK, Choi KH, Lee SW, Yoon HJ, Park HC, Lee YD (2008) The visited insects on apple flowers, and the characteristics on pollinating activity of pollinators released for pollination of apple orchards. Korean Journal of Apiculture 23:275-282.

Leong JM, Thorp RW (1999). Colour‐coded sampling: the pan trap colour preferences of oligolectic and nonoligolectic bees associated with a vernal pool plant. Ecological Entomology 24:329-335. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.1999.00196.x

Lewis WJ, Martin WR (1990) Semiochemical for use with parasitoids: status and future. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 16:3067-3089. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00979613

Longley M, Jepson PC, Izquierdo J, Sotherton N (1997). Temporal and spatial changes in aphid and parasitoid populations following applications of deltamethrin in winter wheat. Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata 83:41-52. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00155.x

Maeta Y, Kitamura T (1981) Pollinating efficiency by Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski) in relation to required number of nesting bees for economic fruit production. Honeybee Science, 2:65-72.

Maeta Y, Okamura S, Hisafumi U (1990) Blueberry pollinators of south-western Japan, with pollinating behaviors of major species. Chugoku Kontyu 4:15-24.

Maeto K, Noerdjito WA, Belokobylskij SA, Fukuyama K (2009) Recovery of species diversity and composition of braconid parasitic wasps after reforestation of degraded grasslands in lowland East Kalimantan. Journal of Insect Conservation, 13:245-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-008-9164-3

Magnacca KN (2007) Conservation status of the endemic bees of Hawai'i, Hylaeus (Nesoprosopis) (Hymenoptera: Colletidae). Pacific Science 61(2):173-190. https://doi.org/10.2984/1534-6188(2007)61[173:CSOTEB]2.0.CO;2

Magnacca KN, King CBA (2013) Assessing the presence and distribution of 23 Hawaiian yellow-faced bee species on lands adjacent to military installations on O'ahu and Hawai'i Island. Technical Report No. 185. Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i.

Magurran AE, Baillie SR, Buckland ST, Dick JM, Elston DA, Scott EM, Smith RI, Somerfield PJ, Watt AD (2010) Long-term datasets in biodiversity research and monitoring: assessing change in ecological communities through time. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25(10): 574-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.06.016

Mallinger RE, Gaines-Day HR, Gratton C (2017) Do managed bees have negative effects on wild bees? A systematic review of the literature. PloS one 12(12):e0189268. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189268

Masciocchi M, Corley J (2012) Distribution, dispersal and spread of the invasive social wasp (Vespula germanica) in Argentina. Austral Ecology 38:162-168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2012.02388.x

Masciocchi M, Pereira AJ, Lantschner MV, Corley JC (2013) Of volcanoes and insects: the impact of the puyehue-cordón caulle ash fall on populations of invasive social wasps, Vespula spp. Ecological Research 28:199-205 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-012-1004-y

Masner L, Goulet H (1981) A new model of flight-interception trap for some Hymenopterous insects. Entomological News 92:199-202.

Mason L, Arathi HS (2019) Assessing the efficacy of citizen scientists monitoring native bees in urban areas. Global Ecology and Conservation 17, e00561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00561

Matheson A, Buchmann SL, O'toole C, Westrich P, Williams JH (1996) The conservation of bees. Academic Press, London, UK.

Matthews RW, Goodisman MA, Austin AD, R Bashford R (2000) The introduced English wasp Vespula vulgaris (l.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) newly recorded invading native forests in Tasmania. Australian Journal of Entomology 39:177-179. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6055.2000.00173.x

Matsumoto S, Maejima T (2010) Several new aspects of the foraging behavior of Osmia cornifrons in an apple orchard. Psyche 2010 (384371): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/384371

McComb B, Zuckerberg B, Vesely D, Jordan C (2010) Monitoring animal populations and their habitats: a practitioner's guide. CRC Press 296 pp. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420070583

McCravy K (2018). A review of sampling and monitoring methods for beneficial arthropods in agroecosystems. Insects 9(4):170. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9040170

Meagher Jr RL, Mitchell ER (1999). Nontarget Hymenoptera collected in pheromone-and synthetic floral volatile-baited traps. Environmental Entomology 28:367-371. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/28.3.367

Meiners JM, Griswold TL, Carril OM (2019) Decades of native bee biodiversity surveys at Pinnacles National Park highlight the importance of monitoring natural areas over time. PLoS One, 14(1), p.e0207566. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207566

Michener CD (2007) The Bees of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2nd edition. https://doi.org/10.56021/9780801885730

Miller GL, Donnelly CR, Gamboa GJ (2013) A ten-year comparative study of the population dynamics and parasitoidism in the native paper wasp Polistes fuscatus and the invasive P. dominulus. Insectes Sociaux 60:49-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00040-012-0264-4

Minckley WL, Marsh PC, Deacon JE, Dowling TE, Hedrick PW, Matthews WJ, Mueller G (2003) A conservation plan for native fishes of the lower Colorado River. BioScience 53:219-234. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0219:ACPFNF]2.0.CO;2

Mola JM, Richardson LL, Spyreas G, Zaya DN, Pearse IS (2021) Long‐term surveys support declines in early season forest plants used by bumblebees. Journal of Applied Ecology 58:1431-1441. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13886

Moller H (1996) Lessons for invasion theory from social insects. Biological Conservation. 78:125-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(96)00022-5

Monceau K, Maher N, Bonnard O, Thiéry D (2015) Evaluation of competition between a native and an invasive hornet species: do seasonal phenologies overlap? Bulletin of Entomological Research 105:462-469. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485315000280

Monceau K, Arca M, Leprêtre L, Mougel F, Bonnard O, Silvain JF, Maher N, Arnold G, Thiéry D (2013) Native prey and invasive predator patterns of foraging activity: the case of the yellow-legged hornet predation at European honeybee hives. Plos One 8:e66492 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066492

Morales CL and Aizen MA (2006) Invasive mutualisms and the structure of plant-pollinator interactions in the temperate forests of northwest Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Ecology 94:171-80 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01069.x

Morandin LA, Laverty TM, Kevan PG (2001) Bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) activity and pollination levels in commercial tomato greenhouses. Journal of Economic Entomology 94:462-467. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-94.2.462

NASS (2022) Honey. Report of the National Agricultural Statistics Service, Agricultural Statistics Board, United States Department of Agriculture. [online] URL: http://www.nass.usda.gov/

Neff JL, Simpson BB (1993) Bees, pollination systems and plant diversity. In: La Salle, J; Gauld, I D (ed.), Hymenoptera and Biodiversity. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

New TR (2012) Hymenoptera and conservation. Chichester, West Sussex, UK.

Nielsen A, Steffan-Dewenter I, Westphal C, Messinger O, Potts SG, Roberts SP, Woyciechowski M (2011). Assessing bee species richness in two Mediterranean communities: importance of habitat type and sampling techniques. Ecological Research 26:969-983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-011-0852-1

Nieto A, Roberts SPM, Kemp J, Rasmont P, Kuhlmann M, García Criado M, Biesmeijer JC, Bogusch P, Dathe HH, De la Rúa P, De Meulemeester T (2014) European red list of bees. Publication Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

Noyes JS (1989). A study of five methods of sampling Hymenoptera (Insecta) in a tropical rainforest, with special reference to the Parasitica. Journal of Natural History 23:285-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938900770181

Nuttman CV, Otieno M, Kwapong PK, Combey R, Willmer P, Potts SG (2011) The utility of aerial pan-trapping for assessing insect pollinators across vertical strata. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 84:260-270. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES110319.1

Osborne JL, Clark SJ, Morris RJ, Williams IH, Riley JR, Smith AD, Reynolds AS, Edwards AS (1999). A landscape‐scale study of bumble bee foraging range and constancy, using harmonic radar. Journal of Applied Ecology 36:519-533. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00428.x

Pasquet RS, Peltier A, Hufford MB, Oudin E, Saulnier J, Paul L, Knudsen JT, Herren HR, Gepts P (2008) Long-distance pollen flow assessment through evaluation of pollinator foraging range suggests transgene escape distances. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105:13456-13461. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806040105

Patrício-Roberto GB, Campos MJO (2014) Aspects of Landscape and Pollinators-What is Important to Bee Conservation? Diversity 6:158-175 https://doi.org/10.3390/d6010158

Paulson GS (2005). Handbook to the construction and use of insect collection and rearing devices: a guide for teachers with suggested classroom applications. Springer Science & Business Media.

Pei CK, Hovick TJ, Duquette CA, Limb RF, Harmon JP, Geaumont BA (2022) Two common bee-sampling methods reflect different assemblages of the bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) community in mixed-grass prairie systems and are dependent on surrounding floral resource availability. Journal of Insect Conservation 26:69-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-021-00362-3

Perrard A, Haxaire J, Rortais A, Villemant C (2009) Observations on the colony activity of the Asian hornet Vespa velutina Lepeletier 1836 (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae) in France. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 45:119-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2009.10697595

Pettis JS, Delaplane KS (2010) Coordinated responses to honey bee decline in the USA. Apidologie 41(3):256-263. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2010013

Pickett KM, Wenzel JW (2000) High productivity in haplometric colonies of the introduced paper wasp Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae; Polistinae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 108:314-25. https://doi.org/10.1664/0028-7199(2000)108[0314:HPIHCO]2.0.CO;2

Pitts-Singer TL, Cane JH (2011) The Alfalfa Leafcutting Bee, Megachile rotundata: The World's Most Intensively Managed Solitary Bee. Annual review of Entomology 56:221-237. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144836

Porporato M, Manino A, Laurino D, Demichelis S (2014) Vespa velutina Lepeletier (Hymenoptera Vespidae): a first assessment two years after its arrival in Italy. Redia 97:189-194

Porrini C, Ghini S, Girotti S, Sabatini A G, Gattavecchia E, Celli G (2002) Use of honey bees as bioindicators of environmental pollution in Italy. In: Devillers J, Pham-Delègue1 M (eds) Honey Bees: Estimating the Environmental Impact of Chemicals. pp 186-247. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203218655.ch11

Potts SG, Biesmeijer JC, Kremen C, Neumann P, Schweiger O, Kunin WE (2010) Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25(6):345-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.007

Potts SG, Kevan PG, Boone JW (2005) Conservation in Pollination: Collecting, surveying and monitoring. Pp. 401-434. In Dafni, A. and P. Kevan (eds.), Pollination ecology: a practical approach. Enviroquest, Cambridge, Canada. 590 pp.

Prendergast KS, Menz MH, Dixon KW, Bateman PW (2020) The relative performance of sampling methods for native bees: an empirical test and review of the literature. Ecosphere, 11(5), p.e03076. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3076

Purcell MF, Messing RH (1996) Ripeness effects of three vegetable crops on abundance of augmentatively released Psyttalia fletcheri (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) improved sampling and release methods. Entomophaga 41:105-115. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02893297

Ratnieks FL, Schrell F, Sheppard RC, Brown E, Bristow OE, Garbuzov M (2016) Data reliability in citizen science: learning curve and the effects of training method, volunteer background and experience on identification accuracy of insects visiting ivy flowers. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7:1226-1235. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12581

Rauf A, Saeed S, Ali M, Tahir, MHN (2021) Comparative Efficiency of Native Insect Pollinators in Reproductive Performance of Medicago sativa L. in Pakistan. Insects, 12(11),1029. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12111029

Reilly JR, Artz DR, Biddinger D, Bobiwash K, Boyle NK, Brittain C, Brokaw J, Campbell JW, Daniels J, Elle E, Ellis JD, Fleischer SJ, Gibbs J, Gillespie RL, Gundersen KB, Gut LJ, Hoffman G, Joshi N, Lundin O, Mason K, McGrady CM, Peterson SS, Pitts-Singer TL, Rao S, Rothwell N, Rowe L, Ward KL, Williams NM, Wilson JK, Isaacs R, Winfree R (2020) Crop production in the USA is frequently limited by a lack of pollinators. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 287:20200922. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0922

Riley DG, Ciomperlik MA (1997) Regional population dynamics of whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and associated parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Environmental Entomology 26:1049-1055. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/26.5.1049

Rogers ME, Potter DE (2003) Biology and conservation of Tiphia wasps, parasitoids of turf-infesting white grubs. International Conference on Turfgrass Management and Science for Sports Fields 661:505-510. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.661.67

Roubik DW, Villanueva-Gutiérrez R (2009) Invasive Africanized honey bee impact on native solitary bees: a pollen resource and trap nest analysis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 98:152-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01275.x

Roubik DW, Wolda, H. (2001) Do competing honey bees matter? Dynamics and abundance of native bees before and after honey bee invasion. Population Ecology 43:53-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012016

Roulston T, Malfi R (2012) Aggressive eviction of the eastern carpenter bee (Xylocopa virginica (Linnaeus)) from its nest by the giant resin bee (Megachile sculpturalis Smith). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 85(4):387-388. https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-85.4.387

Roy HE, Baxter E, Saunders A, Pocock MJ (2016) Focal plant observations as a standardised method for pollinator monitoring: Opportunities and limitations for mass participation citizen science. PloS one 17;11(3):e0150794. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150794

Rubene D, Schroeder M, Ranius T (2015) Diversity patterns of wild bees and wasps in managed boreal forests: effects of spatial structure, local habitat and surrounding landscape. Biological Conservation 184:201-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.029

Russo L (2016) Positive and negative impacts of non-native bee species around the world. Insects, 7(4), p.69. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040069

Sanguinetti A, Singer RB (2014) Invasive bees promote high reproductive success in Andean orchids. Biological Conservation 175:10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.04.011

Schlaepfer MA, Sax DF, Olden JD (2011) The Potential Conservation Value of Non-native Species. Conservation Biology 25:428-437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01646.x

Scott-Dupree CD, Conroy L, Harris CR (2009) Impact of currently used or potentially useful insecticides for canola agroecosystems on Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Megachile rotundata (Hymentoptera: Megachilidae), and Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 102:177-182. https://doi.org/10.1603/029.102.0125

Sedivy C, Dorn S (2014) Towards a sustainable management of bees of the subgenus Osmia (Megachilidae; Osmia) as fruit tree pollinators. Apidologie 45:88-105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13592-013-0231-8

Semeão A, Martins JC, Picanço MC, Chediak M, Da Silva EM, Silva GA (2012) Seasonal variation of natural mortality factors of the guava psyllid Triozoida limbata. Bulletin of Entomological Research 102:719-729 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485312000338

Sekita N, Watanabe T, Yamada M (1996) Population ecology of Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in natural habitats. Bulletin of the Aomori Apple Experiment Station 29:17-36.

Shaw MR, Hochberg ME (2001) The neglect of parasitic Hymenoptera in insect conservation strategies: the British fauna as a prime example. Journal of Insect Conservation 5(4):253-263. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013393229923

Sheffield CS, Griswold TL, Richards MH (2010). Discovery of the Western Palearctic bee, Megachile (Pseudomegachile) ericetorum (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), in Ontario, Canada. Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario 141:85-92.

Sheffield CS, Kevan PG, Westby SM, Smith RF (2008) Diversity of cavity-nesting bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) within apple orchards and wild habitats in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada. The Canadian Entomologist 140:235-249. https://doi.org/10.4039/n07-058

Shepard BM, Braun SAR (1998) Seasonal incidence of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and its parasitoids on vegetables in Indonesia. International Journal of Pest Management 44:43-47 https://doi.org/10.1080/096708798228518

Shepherd MD, Vaughan DM, Black SH (2005) Red List of Pollinator Insects of North America. Cd-Rom Version 1. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, Portland, OR.

Shuttleworth A and Johnson SD (2009) The importance of scent and nectar filters in a specialized wasp-pollination system. Functional Ecology 23:931-940. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01573.x

Silveira FA (2004) Monitoring Pollinating Wild Bees. In Freitas, B M; Pereira, J O P (ed.) Solitary Bees: Conservation, Rearing and Management for Pollination. Imprensa Universitária, Ceará, Brazil.

Simandl J (1993). Canopy arthropods on Scots pine: influence of season and stand age on community structure and the position of sawflies (Diprionidae) in the community. Forest Ecology and Management 62:85-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90043-M

Simpson SR, Gross CL, Silberbauer LX (2005) Broom and honeybees in Australia: an alien liaison. Plant Biology 7:541- 548. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-865855

Spurr EB (1995). Protein bait preferences of wasps (Vespula vulgaris and V. germanica) at Mt Thomas, Canterbury, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 22:281-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1995.9518043

Spurr EB (1996). Carbohydrate bait preferences of wasps (Vespula vulgaris and V. germanica) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 23:315-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1996.9518090

Steen R, Aase O, Thorsdatter AL (2011). Portable digital video surveillance system for monitoring flower-visiting bumblebees. Journal of Pollination Ecology 5:90-94. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2011)15

Stephen WP, Rao S (2005). Unscented color traps for non-Apis bees (Hymenoptera: Apiformes). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 78:373-380. https://doi.org/10.2317/0410.03.1

Stephen WP, Rao S (2007). Sampling native bees in proximity to a highly competitive food resource (Hymenoptera: Apiformes). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 80: 369-376. https://doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567(2007)80[369:SNBIPT]2.0.CO;2

Steinhage V, Arbuckle T, Schröder S, Cremers AB, Wittmann D (2001). ABIS: automated identification of bee species. In BIOLOG Workshop, German Programme on Biodiversity and Global Change Status Report, Bonn, pp. 194-195.

Steinhage V, Kastenholz B, Schröder S, Drescher W (1997). A hierarchical approach to classify solitary bees based on image analysis. In Mustererkennung 1997 (pp. 419-426). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60893-3_45

Stockhouse RE (1976). A new method for studying pollen dispersal using micronized fluorescent dusts. American Midland Naturalist 96:241-245. https://doi.org/10.2307/2424586

Stokes KE, Buckley YM, Sheppard AW (2006) A modeling approach to estimate the effect of exotic pollinators on exotic weed population dynamics: bumblebees and broom in Australia. Diversity and Distributions 12:593-600 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00239.x

Stout JC, Kells AR, Goulson D (2002) Pollination of the invasive exotic shrub Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae) by introduced bees in Tasmania Biological Conservation 106:425-434 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00046-0

Thomson D (2004) Competitive interactions between the invasive European honey bee and native bumble bees. Ecology 85(2):458-470. https://doi.org/10.1890/02-0626

Thomson DM (2006) Detecting the effects of introduced species: a case study of competition between Apis and Bombus. Oikos 114:407-418 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2006.0030-1299.14604.x

Thorp RW (1979) Structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations of bees (Apoidea) for collection pollen. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 66(4):788-812. https://doi.org/10.2307/2398919

Thorp RW (2000) The collection of pollen by bees. Plant Systematics and Evolution 222:211-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00984103

Torchio PF (1991) Bees as crop pollinators and the role of solitary species in changing environments. Acta Horticulturae 288:49-61. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1991.288.3

Tscharntke T, Gathmann A, Steffan-Dewenter I (1998) Bioindication using trap-nesting bees and wasps and their natural enemies: community structure and interactions. Journal of Applied Ecology 35:708-719. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.355343.x

Tylianakis J, Veddeler D, Lozada T, Lopez RM, Benítez P, Klein AM, De Koning GH, Olschewski R, Veldkamp E, Navarrete H, Onore G (2004) Biodiversity of land-use systems in coastal Ecuador and bioindication using trap-nesting bees, wasps, and their natural enemies. Lyonia 6:7-15.

Udayagiri S, Mason CE, Pesek Jr JD (1997) Coleomegilla maculata, Coccinella septempuncta (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and Macrocentrus grandii (Hymenoptera: Bracondiae) trapped on colored sticky traps in corn habitats. Environmental Entomology 26:983-988. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/26.4.983

Ulyshen MD, Soon V, Hanula JL (2010) On the vertical distribution of bees in a temperate deciduous forest. Insect Conservation and Diversity 3:222-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2010.00092.x

Urbini A, Sparvoli E, Turillazzi S (2006) Social paper wasps as bioindicators: a preliminary research with Polistes dominulus (Hymenoptera Vespidae) as a trace metal accumulator. Chemosphere 64:697-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.009

USFWS (2016) Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for 49 Species from the Hawaiian Islands; 81 FR 67786; 50 CFR 17; October 31, 2016. [online] URL: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/09/30/2016-23112/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-endangered-status-for-49-species-from-the-hawaiian (accessed March 2018).

USFWS (2017) Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants, Environmental Conservation Online System, Insects. [online] URL: http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/pub/SpeciesReport.do?groups=I&listingType=L&mapstatus=1

USFWS (2017a) Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Species Status for Rusty Patched Bumble Bee; 82 FR 3186-3209; 50 CFR part 17; January 11, 2017. [online] URL:https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/insects/rpbb/pdf/FRFinalListingRuleRPBB11Jan2017.pdf (accessed October 2018).

Van Driesche RG, Bellows Jr TS (1996) Biological Control. Chapman and Hall, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1157-7

vanEngelsdorp D, Evans JD, Saegerman C, Mullin C, Haubruge E, Nguyen BK, Frazier M, Frazier J, Cox-Foster D, Chen Y, Underwood R, Tarpy DR, Pettis JS (2009) Colony Collapse Disorder: A Descriptive Study. PLoS ONE 4(8):e6481. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006481

Van Rossum F, Stiers I, Van Geert A, Triest L, Hardy OJ (2011). Fluorescent dye particles as pollen analogues for measuring pollen dispersal in an insect-pollinated forest herb. Oecologia 165:663-674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-010-1745-7

Vaudo AD, Ellis JD, Cambray GA, Hill M (2012). The effects of land use on honey bee (Apis mellifera) population density and colony strength parameters in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Journal of Insect Conservation 16:601-611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-011-9445-0

Velthuis HHW, van Doorn A (2006) A century of advances in bumblebee domestication and the economic and environmental aspects of its commercialization for pollination. Apidologie 37:421-451. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2006019

Vergara CH (2008) Environmental impact of exotic bees introduced for crop pollination. Bee pollination in agricultural ecosystems. (Eds) James, R R; Pitts-Singer T L. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 145-165. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195316957.003.0009

Vigueira PA, Vigueira CC, Campbell JW, Ladner S, Hayes G, Riser E (2023) Sexual dimorphism in excess power index of four North American native bees (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Apidae, and Halictidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 96:121-128. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.96.98652

Visscher PK, Seeley TD (1989). Bee-lining as a research technique in ecological studies of honey bees. American Bee Journal 129:536-539.

Wikelski M, Moxley J, Eaton-Mordas A, Lopez-Uribe MM, Holland R, Moskowitz D, Roubik DW, Kays R (2010) Large-range movements of neotropical orchid bees observed via radio telemetry. PLoS one 5(5):e10738. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010738

Williams PH (1986) Environmental change and the distributions of British bumble bees. Bee World 67:50-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772X.1986.11098871

Williams PH, Osborne JL (2009) Bumblebee vulnerability and conservation world-wide. Apidologie 40:367-387. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009025

Wilson JS, Griswold T, Messinger OJ (2008). Sampling bee communities (Hymenoptera: Apiformes) in a desert landscape: are pan traps sufficient? Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 81:288-300. https://doi.org/10.2317/JKES-802.06.1

Wilson EO (1999) The Diversity of Life. New Edition. W.W. Norton and Company, New York, NY.

Wilson EE, Holway DA (2010) Multiple mechanisms underlie displacement of solitary Hawaiian Hymenoptera by an invasive social wasp. Ecology 91:3294-3302. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1187.1

Winfree R, Aguilar R, Vazques DP, Lebhuhn G, Aizen MA (2009). A meta-analysis of bees' responses to anthropogenic disturbance. Ecology 90:2068-2076. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1245.1

Wolda H, Roubik DW (1986). Nocturnal bee abundance and seasonal bee activity in a Panamanian forest. Ecology 67:426-433. https://doi.org/10.2307/1938586

Woodard SH, Federman S, James RR, Danforth BN, Griswold TL, Inouye D, McFrederick QS, Morandin L, Paul DL, Sellers E, Strange JP (2020) Towards a US national program for monitoring native bees. Biological Conservation 252:108821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108821

Yoshida A, Maeta Y (1988) Utilization of Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski) as a pollinator of apples in south-western Japan. Honeybee Science 9:1-6.

Zamin T, Baillie JEM, Miller R, Rodriguez JP, Ardid A, Collen B (2010) National Red Listing beyond the 2010 target. Conservation Biology 24:1012-1020. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01492.x

Zappalà L, Campolo O, Grande S, Saraceno F, Biondi A, Siscaro G, Palmeri V (2012) Dispersal of Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) after augmentative releases in citrus orchards. European Journal of Entomology 109:561-568. https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2012.070

Zhu G, Gutierrez Illan J, Looney C, Crowder DW (2020) Assessing the ecological niche and invasion potential of the Asian giant hornet. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117:24646-24648. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011441117

Additional Files

Published

2023-06-07

How to Cite

Graham, J., Campbell, J., Tsalickis, A., Stanley-Stahr, C., & Ellis, J. (2023). Observing bees and wasps: Why surveys and monitoring programs are critical and how they can improve our understanding of these beneficial hymenopterans. Journal of Pollination Ecology, 33, 139–169. https://doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2023)725

Issue

Section

Reviews

Similar Articles

<< < 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.