Exploitation of Strobilanthes ixiocephala (Acanthaceae) flower buds by bees

Abstract

Floral larceny by bees has been studied mostly in open flowers although it is also experienced in buds. Until now, only few studies have recorded larceny of unopened flowers. In this study, we present behavioural observations of Apis and non-Apis bees exploiting Strobilanthes ixiocephala (Acanthaceae) buds for floral rewards. The bees pierce open the anterior end of the unopened buds to access pollen and nectar.